The Black Power Movement Of African Americans - 1605 Words

Social Movement Today, there are many movements that are going on due to unfair ways of oppression. Oppression can be defined as â€Å"tyranny by a ruling group to the injustice some suffer due to everyday practices of a society† (Campà ³n and Carter 2015: 497). I chose to write about the Black Power Movement because of the recent cases of oppression that have been occurring in the United States of America. Oppression can happen to people of all races, ethnicities, and sexual orientations. The black power movement cannot be placed into a box of confinement, it much more that one movement. Since the 1960s there have been many things like small protests and movements that have contributed to the black power movement over time. There have been†¦show more content†¦Black power was said to have echoed throughout American as a cry for liberation, pride of culture, and radical solidarity. There has always been a constant struggle for economic equality. Many people saw the movement as an angry outcry due to little progress that had been made to achieving civil rights. Also, the article stated that instead of helping the civil rights movement, it corrupted the younger generation of Black activist and it reinforced segregation. It was also said to be the civil rights movement’s evil twin. Black people did not have a voice that they could speak out about injustice. The oppression of Black people was very common in the southern states. Black people were not the dominant group of people. White people were the dominant group and Black people were the subordinate group. Black people had to do what they were told by the White people, for they were in total control of how society functioned. Lynching of Black people, police brutality and unpredictable danger occurred just because the color of their skin, anyone of color was not safe at all during those times. The civil rights movement was going on around the same time that the black power movement star ted. The civil rights movement had a more peaceful approach. Both of the movements pushed for equality and to end oppression but the black power movement, moved beyond the south. In the article, Carmicheal said, â€Å" It is a call for black people to unite, recognize their heritage, to build a

A Case Study Of GBS Mutual Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3545 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Definition of bank interest risk Banks can be described as intermediaries between lenders and borrowers. In general, banks accept client funds with varying maturities and lend at different terms as well. Interest rate risk stems from assets and liabilities maturing at different times. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Case Study Of GBS Mutual Bank Finance Essay" essay for you Create order There are basically three components under interest risk, which are the margin between the rates earned on assets and paid on liabilities, the repricing potential of assets and liabilities at different points in time, resulting in mismatches in various time frames between assets, liabilities and derivatives, and the period during which these mismatches persist. Banks can theoretically avoid interest rate risk by perfectly matching assets and liabilities by setting the rates on both sides fixed or floating, and thus enjoy a fixed margin. However in reality, the ideal construction of the asset and liability portfolio is dependent on variables such as bank competition as well as the requirements of clients, investors and stakeholders, all of which may affect the composition of the balance sheet. A large portion of private banks revenue stems from net interest income which is generated from the difference between various assets and liabilities that are held in the balance sheet. Th e composition of both interest income and interest expense of the GBS mutual bank are listed in Appendix 1. The relationship between interest rate risk and the yield curve The shape of the yield curve affects banks interest rate risk and liquidity risk exposure. In order to hedge or take advantage of a particular shape in the yield curve, banks may alter the composition of the balance sheet from time to time. The normal yield curve A normal yield curve means long-term securities have higher yields than short-term ones. In order to take advantage of the positively sloping yield curve the bank may alter the structure of its balance sheet by borrowing funds short and lending them long. The banks interest margin and profit will interest at the expense of a decrease in bank liquidity. The inverse yield curve The inverse yield curve represents a lower long-term yields and higher short-term yields. In order to maximize profits, the bank should alter the structure of the balance sheet by borrowing funds long-term and lending short-term. Liquidity of the bank will be increase together with interest margin and profit. However, as the inverse yield curve indicates a changing interest rate structure, banks risk exposure will increase of rates change suddenly which affects net interest income significantly. The flat yield curve While the short-term yield equals the long-term yield, no profit can be made from the mismatching of assets and liabilities. In this scenario interest rate risk is minimized as no returns can be made from restructuring the balance sheet. BUSINESS CIRCUMSTANCE OF GBS MUTUAL BANK AND SOUTH AFRICAN INTEREST RATE CYCLE Background The GBS head office is located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The bank has branches located in Cape Town, Port Alfred and Port Elizabeth. The bank was formed in 1877 and is regarded one of South Africas oldest financial institutions. It is noted that a large portion of the banks current business activity is derived from home mortgages business. Specific Business Circumstance of GBS Mutual Bank The purpose of this section is going to provide a brief explanation to the GBS business practices. The mutuality of the bank is a feature that differentiates its business activities substantially from other private sector banks and affects its interest rate risk exposure. To be a mutual bank, GBS has a particular business strategy. Firstly, the bank is no shareholders, so the bank is not only owned by its share-depositors. Since this is no shareholders, the GBS is not purely profit driven as other banks. To a certain extent, bank profits are generated primarily to maintain bank reserves and capital adequacy requirements of Reserve Bank of South Africa. Moreover, the GBSs primary source of funds or primary liabilities is bank deposits, while its primary assets or uses of funds are mortgages and asset backed finance. Secondly, the small community banking business and the geographic footprint affect the number and demographic pattern of customers. Hence, the GBS has incorporated a personalized banking service for its customers in order to generate a competitive advantage over other competitors. For example, a large portion of its clients is elderly citizens who prefer high yield deposits. The GBS often quotes rates above those of its competitors in order to retain and attract this type of client. Based on the above banking practices, the GBS use a low risk profile in order to ensure a short-term credit. The profile is that a significant portion of the banks advances is collateralized and in the form of different mortgages such as residential properties, smaller commercial and industrial properties. Also, the bank tries to focus on these types of advances primarily from its previous business structure as a building society. Secondly, due to the regulations of the Mutual Banks Act, the bank is statutorily required to hold an amount of capital of not less than 10% of its risk-based assets as a buffer against losses by depositors. Finally, the experienced m anagement is required to ensure the trade profitably of GBS. In summary, the practices have ensured a short-term credit to GBS. South African Interest Rate Cycle and Term and Structure of Interest Rates: 1996 2007 The down trended of interest rate has been observed in last decade. It is provided a reference to understand the yield curve of South Africa. The repurchase rate and the bank prime lending rate are included in Appendix 2. Based on the data from the reserve bank of South Africa, the yield curve has been deduced and showed in Appendix 3. As mentioned previous, when the difference between the 10-year bond rate and the 91-day Treasury bill rate is positive, the normal yield curve exists where the yield on longer-dated bonds is higher than the yield on short-dated bonds. According to the figure, a positive or upward sloping yield curve occurs during March 1999 May 2002 and September 2003 October 2006. Secondly, when the Treasury bill is negative, the inverse yield curve exists where the yield on short-dated bonds is higher than the yield on long dated bonds. Then, a negatively shaped yield curve occurs during November 1996 March 1999 and June 2002 September 2003. Finally, t he flat yield curve exists where the yield on short-dated bonds is equal to the yield on long-dated bonds. A flat yield curve appears on a number of occasions during 1996 as well as March 1999; June 2002; September 2003 and October 2006. GBS MUTUAL BANK INTERES RATE RISK HEDGING Balance sheet positioning instruments Net interest income smoothing Net interest income is the difference between the interest income received on banks assets and the interest payments on its liabilities, and it is the primary source of banks income. The NII smoothing technique simply relies on the banks ability to reduce the variability of NII caused by the interest rate fluctuation. As the assets of GBS mature faster and therefore reprice faster than its liabilities, it would naturally receive a higher amount of NII during a rising interest rate scenario and a lower amount of NII during falling interest rates, and so the GBS will save larger portions of funds during rising interest rate periods in order to offset losses during periods of declining interest rates and hedge its interest rate risk. Volume strategy A volume strategy is a hedging method to alter the volume or mix of assets and liabilities on the balance sheet by purchasing or selling the required amount of funds in the market. It is similar to NII smoothing which is positioning banks balance sheet toward targeting NII, however, volume strategy relies heavily on bank interest rate forecasts. If the interest rate is increasing, the GBS will naturally be in a position to benefit from its asset sensitive balance sheet. This balance sheet structure can be repositioned by further shortening the maturity structure of its assets and lengthening the maturity structure of its liabilities. During a falling interest rate environment, the GBS should operate in the opposite way. Pricing strategy Banks can position itself advantageously during experienced and forecasted interest rate cycles by adjusting the interest rates quoted to borrowers and lenders and thereby influence the amount of assets and liabilities on its balance sheet. And this is an interest rate pricing strategy. Applying this method, GBS can effectively hedge its interest rate position by increasing rates on short-term deposits and increasing rates on long- term loans when the prevailing interest rate trend is downward sloping. This will increase the volume of short-term deposits due to the higher rate of interest received by customers and reduce the amount of long-term loans as customer interest payments become greater. It must be noted, however, that this strategy may have some practical drawbacks for the GBS. The GBS regards itself as a price-taker in so far as its quoted rates are linked to rates quoted by its larger competitors. Any significant restructuring of interest rates may hamper interest margins and business practices. It is also recognized that a pricing strategy may also take longer to implement due to the intermediary target variables. Moreover, a pricing strategys effectiveness requires substantial customer volume in order to change the structure of the balance sheet. The ideal portfolio The ideal portfolio is a balance sheet positioning strategy that perfectly matches assets and liabilities in terms of maturi ty as well as fixed-rate and floating-rate financial instruments. It can be attained with a combination of the above mentioned balance sheet positioning strategies and the banks ability to buy or sell fixed or floating interest rate financial instruments. During an upward sloping yield curve environment, the GBS can construct a portfolio in the following manner: the GBS can construct a portfolio with long dated fixed-rate liabilities and short-dated floating-rate assets. Conversely, the GBS should hold a portfolio containing short-dated floating-rate liabilities and long-dated fixed rate assets if a downward sloping interest rate environment persists. It is recognized, however, in reality the ideal portfolio construct is virtually impossible as the positioning of the balance sheet and the type of financial instruments held can be dependent on variables such as bank competition as well as the requirements of clients, investors and stakeholders, all of which may affect the compo sition of the balance sheet. Thus banks are naturally exposed to interest rate risk as they have a large variety of assets and liabilities that differ in terms of maturity and repricing frequency. Immunization Immunization refers to the banks ability to match the average duration of the banks balance sheet to the investment horizon. It is important to note that the realized annual return remains constant when the duration is made equal to the holding period. We can verify this in an example in Appendix 4. The bank holds a R100, 000 bond that yields interest payments of 12% paid annually with the maturity of 5 years and the duration of 4. 04 years. Appendix 4 illustrates the effects of immunization under three different interest rate scenarios: an increased rate of 14%, a steady rate of 12% and a lower rate of 10%. The table also provides a fluctuating holding period of 5 years, 4 years and 3 years. It is clear from the example provided is that as long as the duration of 4.04 i s made equal to the holding period of 4 years, the return of 12% is received regardless of the fluctuating interest rate. Therefore, GBS can be able to immunize itself against interest rate risk at either the individual asset class level or the entire portfolio level. By making the duration of the bond or indeed the average duration of the entire portfolio equal to the investment horizon, the GBS can offset its interest rate risk exposure. This is because the rise in the interest rate induces a decline in the market price of the bond/portfolio, while the income earned on the reinvestment of the bond/portfolio rises to offset this amount. The net effect is that the realized return remains constant. Immunization may be a useful tool, but it is also acknowledged immunization does not take convexity into account and may be expensive and time consuming to implement because the GBS will need to continuously rebalance the portfolio in order to match the duration of its instruments to the investment time horizon. Interest rate derivative The Interest rate derivatives provides a viable method for the GBS to hedge its interest, and the use of interest rate derivatives is affected by many aspects, for instance instruments availability, transaction costs and specific GBS business circumstance. The financial derivatives including: securitization, interest rate forwards, interest rate futures, interest rate swaps, interest rate options, interest rate caps, interest rate floors, interest rate collars and hybrid derivatives. First derivative is securitization. The GBS use securitization to reduce the interest risk by moving the longer duration assets and interest rate-sensitivity items off the balance sheet by securitization. Whats more, the securitization allows for the unbundling of risk, which means the unbundled interest rate risk can be sold to a third party or managed by a more competent third party. However, it also has some disadvantages. First, the securitization is extremely complicated to implement. Second , it cost a lot to disseminate interest rate risk effectively. Third, its less likely for an investor to invest in a once-off securitized asset from an issuer. Second kind of interest rate derivatives is interest rate forwards and Interest rate futures. Interest rate forwards can gain the interest rate income after downside period of reduced NIM, it has advantage that you can hedge a position more precisely and it has no liquidity risk with no marginal call. However, it also has some disadvantages that it is more expensive compared to other derivatives and the credit risk is increased. By the use of Interest rate futures, the investor can have long futures position offset the decline in NII. It also has some advantages such as it is ideally suited to smaller financial institutions and it is guaranteed by an exchange, however it also cumbersome when using it. Third kind of derivatives is Interest rate swaps and Interest rate options. The biggest difference of interest rate opti ons is that provides the right, not obligation to GBS. Both of the Interest rate swaps and Interest rate options has disadvantage of sophisticated systems. In addition, as for the interest rate options, pricing process is complex, and premiums may be expensive. Another interest rate derivative is interest rate caps, interest rate floors and interest rate collars. The interest rate caps is not a viable instrument for it place an upper limit to earnings and reduce the potential earning increase when the interest rate increases. However, the interest rate floors is an ideal instrument because it protect the interest rate income when interest rate declines. As regard to interest rate collars, we can buy an interest rate floor at a pre-specified rate and simultaneously sell an interest rate cap to allow the GBS to enforce the contract below the floor strike rate and reduce its interest rate risk exposure. However, since the use of such interest rate contracts is highly administrativel y intensive, we should not exceed a period of three years. Finally is the hybrid derivative, which contains Options on swaps and Options on futures. They are both very expensive and option on swaps is less administrative. However, due to their features, such contracts should not be entered into for a period longer than 12 months. Among the above interest rate derivatives, the most practical ones are interest rate futures and interest rate collars. Interest rate futures is guaranteed and market-to-market. Whats more, since the futures market has high liquidity, the closing-out position is quite simple for investors, which making the futures easily accessible and suited to smaller financial institutions. On the other hand, the interest rate collar sets the cash flows negatively related to the interest rate. For instance, when interest rate decreases, the cash flow from floor purchase increases, and the premium is offset in the process. Consequently, the cash flow structure of in terest rate collar is perfectly suited to the GBS to hedge risk. Retaining the status quo Besides the methods above, another option for the GBS is to retain the business operations with an un-hedged interest rate risk position. There are a number of reasons the current strategy may be retained, including: inducing other risks, other hedging options may be too expensive, requiring a large amount of monitoring and sophisticated systems, or may alter the business structure of the bank unfavorably. GBS MUTUAL BANK ASSET AND LIABILITY COMMITTEE Introduction As mentioned in previous sections, banks face various types of risks such as interest rate risk and liquidity risk. The GBS Asset and Liability Committee (ALCO) was established to manage these risks so as to enhance the banks risk and return structure. This section will provide us an exploration on the functions and organization of the GBS ALCO. Functions of the GBS ALCO The three main functions of the GBS ALCO are interest rate risk measurement, stimulation and interest rate risk management. The purpose of interest rate risk measurement is to quantify the interest rate risk profile of the Bank. Stimulation means the committee will explore the past and recent information in the interest of anticipating future performance and risks in order to constitute business and hedging policies. Interest rate risk management aims to measure, monitor and control its risk. Complicated measurement, adequate monitoring and pricing systems are significant factors for the GBS to appropriately hedge its interest rate risk. Since GBS faces large numbers of risks, it has to assure that hedging policies cover interest rate risk as well as other risks. The GBS has made satisfactory results on hedging risks by utilizing the complex computational systems. However, it is quite costly to use the systems. The current interest rate risk hedging strategy would conform to a p rudent strategy instead of a speculative strategy. By adopting a prudent hedging strategy, the GBS would be able to hedge its interest rate risk partially or entirely by either locking in a certain interest rate over time or just hedging unfavorable interest rate movements. Organization of the GBS ALCO All departments of GBS are encouraged to participate in interest rate risk policies in order to enhance the effectiveness and corporation of hedging risks. Furthermore, the GBS should also integrate the use of external and internal sources of information when establishing its ALCO structure. The Bank can make use of external sources such as macroeconomic indicators (fiscal policy and monetary policy) to forecast the banks internal interest rate. In the mean time, internal sources such as maturity structure, growth forecast, etc. serve as substantial factors for the balance sheet forecast. The GBS currently performs these activities extremely well. It is suggested to carry meetings frequently so as to monitor the GBS interest rate risk exposure. The GBS recently conforms to the following practices. When the market is unstable, meetings can be held daily to provide better supervision on the Banks performance. In contrast, during the normal business situation, meetings can be condu cted less frequently, say four to eight times a month. Moreover, five members who are from different departments across the GBS have formed a risk sub-committee. This improves the communication and effectiveness of risk researches. CONCLUSION This essay focuses on the interest rate risk management by analyzing the GBS mutual bank. It began with a brief description of a banks interest rate risk and its relation to other bank risks. It mainly focused on interest rate risk and the ways to manage these risks. It then started to perform an empirical analysis on a case study of GBS mutual bank. GBS mutual bank specific business circumstance is discussed first, and then followed by an investigation on the South Africa interest rate cycle and term structure of interest rates from 1996 to 2007. Moreover, it is significant to explore the GBS mutual bank interest rate hedging tools which comprise of three elements: balance sheet positioning instruments, interest rate derivatives and retaining the status quo. This essay also suggested two interest rate derivative instruments which are interest rate futures and interest rate collars for the purpose of balance sheet positioning strategies. Last but not least, the functions and organi zation of the GBS mutual bank asset and liability committee are introduced since interest rate risk management is affected by the committee. The GBS ALCO has the power to choose the hedging strategy that suits themselves the most. After investigating the interest rate risk management of the GBS mutual bank, we should have more understanding on interest rate risk, its relative yield curve, structure as well as interest rate risk management. APPENDIX Appendix 1 South African Banks: percentage contribution of interest income and interest expense (average December 2005 Rand Millions) Appendix 2 Interest Rate Cycle (1996-2007) Appendix 3 The 10- year bond rate, the 91-treasury bill rate and the differential (1996-2007) Appendix 4: Impact of Holding Period on Realized Annual Return Bond : R100 000, 12% (annual return) ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Maturity : 5 years ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Duration : 4.04 years ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Holding period Interest rate Bond price after holding period Coupon paid Reinvestment income Total value Realized annual return ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ (% p.a.) (R000) (R000) (R000) (R000) (% p.a.) 5 years 12 100.0 60 16.2 176.2 12.00 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10* 100.0 60 13.3 173.3 11.60 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 14** 100.0 60 19.2 179.2 12.38 4 years 12 100.0 48 9.4 157.4 12.00 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10* 101.8 48 7.7 157.5 12.00*** ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 14** 98.2 48 11.1 157.3 12.00*** 3 years 12 100.0 36 4.5 140.5 12.00 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10* 103.5 36 3.7 143.2 12.70 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 14** 96.7 36 5.3 138.0 11.30 * Market rate falls to 10% after first year and remains there ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ** Market rate rises to 14% after first year and remains there ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ *** Approximate ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬

Choices With Consequences VsThe Lottery, And Young Goodman...

Talal Almutairi Dr. Gates English 305 5 July 2017 Choices with Consequences In this paper, I shall focus on drawing comparisons and contrasts between â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In her short story, ‘The Lottery’, Jackson uses a series of specific details and ordinary personages to describe the events leading to an unfair death. These details reveal the dangers of blindly upholding traditions and passing them to the next generations, without knowing much about the origin or the significance of the tradition. Jackson wisely incorporates various elements of fiction into the story in order to bring a create a vivid understanding of the meaning of her story and the message she is trying†¦show more content†¦The devil refers to seeing Goodman Brown’s grandfather whipping a Quaker in the streets and handing Goodman Brown’s father a flaming torch so that he could set fire to an Indian village during King Philip’s War. B y including these references, Hawthorne reminds the reader of the dubious history of Salem Village and the legacy of the Puritans and emphasizes the historical roots of Goodman Brown’s fascination with the devil and the dark side. On the other hand, â€Å"The Lottery† was written in 1948, not long after the end of World War II and The Great Depression. The two events changed the way people in society related with one another, in such a way that people were made to embrace the thinking that every man would be on their own in order to survive. This is shown throughout the story by the citizens not having a problem with the lottery until if affects them directly. Jackson’s story also shows the sense of division and sexism between men and women associated with the 1940s. Women were often fired from their jobs in order to make room for the retuning male soldiers and were expected to return home to stay with the family. This idea of women being forced from one positio n of power to a lower position is shown in the last scene of â€Å"The Lottery† when the â€Å"winner† Tessie Hutchinson is the one who receives the black dot and is stoned to death. She tries to fight for her life but in the end is over powered by society’s rules.

Frankenstein vs. Bladerunner - 1866 Words

As society changes around us, we spot things we never noticed before: high divorce rates, murder rates, and drug use just to name a few. James Riddley-Scott and Mary Shelley noticed and had a fear of child abandonment. In Frankenstein, Shelley explores this subject through the viewpoint of a man, Victor, who creates a child so hideous that he cannot bear to look at it, and consequently deserts it. In Blade Runner Scott explores this matter through a businessman, Tyrell, who makes replicants of humans, the Nexus 6, gives them only four years to live, and sells them as slaves. The children of these creators turn out to be smarter and more human than expected, and revolt against the way society treats them, giving us all a lesson in†¦show more content†¦In Blade Runner, Roy befriends J.F. Sebastian, a geneticist that happily states,  gI create my own friends. h After Sebastian has smuggled Roy into the Tyrell bedroom, and Roy has convinced himself that Tyrell can be o f no use to him, he kills both of them. This type of despair that Roy shows us is significant because it portrays his anger toward his creator, who has neglected him since his conception. The created beings in these tales become smarter than expected, and soon realize that they have been mistreated. Victor fs monster is smart enough to understand that he has been discarded, and children that have been abandoned can easily become devilish in nature. The monster pleads again and again with his audience that he was born good, but compelled by others to do evil. He even argues that if only one person would have been nice to him, he would have changed his ways when he says,  gIf any being felt emotions of benevolence towards me, I should return them an hundred and an hundredfold; for that one creatures sake, I would make peace with the whole kind! h (105). The monster is put in a place that makes him angry with all of society, and this makes him put very little value on human life. Likewise, the Nexus 6 have little regard for the humans that have made them slaves. Human life to these robot-like creatures is nothing, because human society has put such little emotional value on the replicants as a race. The mindset of theseShow MoreRelated Frankenstein Vs. Bladerunner Essay1830 Words   |  8 Pages As society changes around us, we spot things we never noticed before: high divorce rates, murder rates, and drug use just to name a few. James Riddley-Scott and Mary Shelley noticed and had a fear of child abandonment. In Frankenstein, Shelley explores this subject through the viewpoint of a man, Victor, who creates a child so hideous that he cannot bear to look at it, and consequently deserts it. In Blade Runner, Scott explores this matter through a businessman, Tyrell, who makes replicants of

The Traversal of the Infinite Essay Example For Students

The Traversal of the Infinite Essay Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesFiniteness has to do with the existence of boundaries. Intuitively, we feel that where there is a separation, a border, a threshold there is bound to be at least one thing finite out of a minimum of two. This, of course, is not true. Two infinite things can share a boundary. Infinity does not imply symmetry, let alone isotropy. An entity can be infinite to its left and bounded on its right. Moreover, finiteness can exist where no boundaries can. Take a sphere: it is finite, yet we can continue to draw a line on its surface infinitely. The boundary, in this case, is conceptual and arbitrary: if a line drawn on the surface of a sphere were to reach its starting point then it is finite. Its starting point is the boundary, arbitrarily determined to be so by us. This arbitrariness is bound to appear whenever the finiteness of something is determined by us, rather than objectively, by nature. A finite series of numb ers is a fine example. WE limit the series, we make it finite by imposing boundaries on it and by instituting rules of membership: A series of all the real numbers up to and including 1000 . Such a series has no continuation (after the number 1000). But, then, the very concept of continuation is arbitrary. Any point can qualify as an end (or as a beginning). Are the statements: There is an end, There is no continuation and There is a beginning equivalent? Is there a beginning where there is an end ? And is there no continuation wherever there is an end? It all depends on the laws that we set. Change the law and an end-point becomes a starting point. Change it once more and a continuation is available. Legal age limits display such flexible properties. Finiteness is also implied in a series of relationships in the physical world : containment, reduction, stoppage. But, these, of course, are, again, wrong intuitions. They are at least as wrong as the intuitive connection between bound aries and finiteness. If something is halted (spatially or temporally) it is not necessarily finite. An obstacle is the physical equivalent of a conceptual boundary. An infinite expansion can be checked and yet remain infinite (by expanding in other directions, for instance). If it is reduced it is smaller than before, but not necessarily finite. If it is contained it must be smaller than the container but, again, not necessarily finite. It would seem, therefore, that the very notion of finiteness has to do with wrong intuitions regarding relationships between entities, real, or conceptual. Geometrical finiteness and numerical finiteness relate to our mundane, very real, experiences. This is why we find it difficult to digest mathematical entities such as a singularity (both finite and infinite, in some respects). We prefer the fiction of finiteness (temporal, spatial, logical) over the reality of the infinite. Millennia of logical paradoxes conditioned us to adopt Kants view that t he infinite is beyond logic and only leads to the creation of unsolvable antinomies. Antinomies made it necessary to reject the principle of the excluded middle (yes or no and nothing in between). One of his antinomies proved that the world was not infinite, nor was it finite. The antinomies were disputed (Kants answers were not the ONLY ways to tackle them). But one contribution stuck : the world is not a perfect whole. Both the sentences that the whole world is finite and that it is infinite are false, simply because there is no such thing as a completed, whole world. This is commensurate with the law that for every proposition, itself or its negation must be true. The negation of: The world as a perfect whole is finite is not The world as a perfect whole is infinite. Rather, it is: Either there is no perfectly whole world, or, if there is, it is not finite. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant discovered four pairs of propositions, each comprised of a thesis and an antithesis, bo th compellingly plausible. The thesis of the first antinomy is that the world had a temporal beginning and is spatially bounded. The second thesis is that every substance is made up of simpler substances. The two mathematical antinomies relate to the infinite. The answer to the first is: Since the world does not exist in itself (detached from the infinite regression), it exists unto itself neither as a finite whole nor as an infinite whole. Indeed, if we think about the world as an object, it is only logical to study its size and origins. But in doing so, we attribute to it features derived from our thinking, not affixed by any objective reality. Kant made no serious attempt to distinguish the infinite from the infinite regression series, which led to the antinomies. Paradoxes are the offspring of problems with language. Philosophers used infinite regression to attack both the notions of finiteness (Zeno) and of infinity. Ryle, for instance, suggested the following paradox: voluntar y acts are caused by wilful acts. If the latter were voluntary, then other, preceding, wilful acts will have to be postulated to cause them and so on ad infinitum and ad nauseam. Either the definition is wrong (voluntary acts are not caused by wilful acts) or wilful acts are involuntary. Both conclusions are, naturally, unacceptable. Infinity leads to unacceptable conclusions is the not so hidden message. Zeno used infinite series to attack the notion of finiteness and to demonstrate that finite things are made of infinite quantities of ever-smaller things. Anaxagoras said that there is no smallest quantity of anything. The Atomists, on the other hand, disputed this and also introduced the infinite universe (with an infinite number of worlds) into the picture. Aristotle denied infinity out of existence. The infinite doesnt actually exist, he said. Rather, it is potential. Both he and the Pythagoreans treated the infinite as imperfect, unfinished. To say that there is an infinite num ber of numbers is simply to say that it is always possible to conjure up additional numbers (beyond those that we have). But despite all this confusion, the transition from the Aristotelian (finite) to the Newtonian (infinite) worldview was smooth and presented no mathematical problem. The real numbers are, naturally, correlated to the points in an infinite line. By extension, trios of real numbers are easily correlated to points in an infinite three-dimensional space. The infinitely small posed more problems than the infinitely big. The Differential Calculus required the postulation of the infinitesimal, smaller than a finite quantity, yet bigger than zero. Couchy and Weierstrass tackled this problem efficiently and their work paved the way for Cantor. Cantor is the father of the modern concept of the infinite. Through logical paradoxes, he was able to develop the magnificent edifice of Set Theory. It was all based on finite sets and on the realization that infinite sets were NOT b igger finite sets, that the two types of sets were substantially different. Two finite sets are judged to have the same number of members only if there is an isomorphic relationship between them (in other words, only if there is a rule of mapping, which links every member in one set with members in the other). Cantor applied this principle to infinite sets and introduced infinite cardinal numbers in order to count and number their members. It is a direct consequence of the application of this principle, that an infinite set does not grow by adding to it a finite number of members and does not diminish by subtracting from it a finite number of members. An infinite cardinal is not influenced by any mathematical interaction with a finite cardinal. The set of infinite cardinal numbers is, in itself, infinite. The set of all finite cardinals has a cardinal number, which is the smallest infinite cardinal (followed by bigger cardinals). Cantors continuum hypothesis is that the smallest inf inite cardinal is the number of real numbers. But it remained a hypothesis. It is impossible to prove it or to disprove it, using current axioms of set theory. Cantor also introduced infinite ordinal numbers. Set theory was immediately recognized as an important contribution and applied to problems in geometry, logic, mathematics, computation and physics. One of the first questions to have been tackled by it was the continuum problem. What is the number of points in a continuous line? Cantor suggested that it is the second smallest infinite cardinal number. Godel and Cohn proved that the problem is insoluble and that Cantors hypothesis and the propositions relate to it are neither true nor false. Cantor also proved that sets cannot be members of themselves and that there are sets which have more members that the denumerably infinite set of all the real numbers. In other words, that infinite sets are organized in a hierarchy. Russel and Whitehead concluded that mathematics was a bran ch of the logic of sets and that it is analytical. In other words: the language with which we analyse the world and describe it is closely related to the infinite. Indeed, if we were not blinded by the evolutionary amenities of our senses, we would have noticed that our world is infinite. Our language is composed of infinite elements. Our mathematical and geometrical conventions and units are infinite. The finite is an arbitrary imposition. During the Medieval Ages an argument called The Traversal of the Infinite was used to show that the worlds past must be finite. An infinite series cannot be completed (=the infinite cannot be traversed). If the world were infinite in the past, then eternity would have elapsed up to the present. Thus an infinite sequence would have been completed. Since this is impossible, the world must have a finite past. Aquinas and Ockham contradicted this argument by reminding the debaters that a traversal requires the existence of two points (termini) a begi nning and an end. Yet, every moment in the past, considered a beginning, is bound to have existed a finite time ago and, therefore, only a finite time has been hitherto traversed. In other words, they demonstrated that our very language incorporates finiteness and that it is impossible to discuss the infinite using spatial-temporal terms specifically constructed to lead to finiteness. The Traversal of the Infinite demonstrates the most serious problem of dealing with the infinite: that our language, our daily experience (=traversal) all, to our minds, are finite. We are told that we had a beginning (which depends on the definition of we. The atoms comprising us are much older, of course). We are assured that we will have an end (an assurance not substantiated by any evidence). We have starting and ending points (arbitrarily determined by us). We count, then we stop (our decision, imposed on an infinite world). We put one thing inside another (and the container is contained by the at mosphere, which is contained by Earth which is contained by the Galaxy and so on, ad infinitum). In all these cases, we arbitrarily define both the parameters of the system and the rules of inclusion or exclusion. Yet, we fail to see that WE are the source of the finiteness around us. The evolutionary pressures to survive produced in us this blessed blindness. No decision can be based on an infinite amount of data. No commerce can take place where numbers are always infinite. We had to limit our view and our world drastically, only so that we will be able to expand it later, gradually and with limited, finite, risk. .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add , .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add .postImageUrl , .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add , .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add:hover , .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add:visited , .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add:active { border:0!important; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add:active , .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2da7ec2eaeeb142d6a5c9989913d2add:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: media violence Essay

Transportation and Distribution Asian Pacific Breweries

Question: Discuss about the Transportation and Distributionfor Asian Pacific Breweries. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyses how effective Heineken Asian Pacific has been to the market by transporting its product within Singapore and to other countries in Asia. The paper analyses the transport method used by the company and recommending on other methods which can be used to produce a high yield. The paper also reviews the carrier criteria used by t Heineken Asian Pacific and recommend on the best carrier system to be used for shipping and distributing different products of the business, and finally, the relationship management of the carrier is analyzed and recommendations for good relationships, Heineken Asian Pacific Asian Pacific Breweries (APB) which changed its name to Heineken Asian Pacific is an Asian breweries company founded in 1931 at Malayan Breweries Limited in a partnership between Fraser and Neave and Heineken International. It was renamed Asian Pacific Breweries APB 1n 1989, and in 2013, it merged with Heineken International and gotten its present name. The company sells over 40 variants and beer brands in 14 countries in the Asian Pacific, and it controls almost 30 breweries (Taveekitikun, 2008). APB has breweries in Mongolia, Singapore, Laos, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, New Caledonia, China, Vietnam, Solomon Island, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea. The company controls the beer market in many of the Asia Pan Region, mainly in New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Cambodia, Malaysia, and China. In China, the beer continues to gain the market with the latest site to be established in Jia Shan, in Zhejiang Province a town close to Shanghai City. Heineken gets competition from other breweries like Guinness, Jameson, Southern Comfort and Amarula who are trying harder to get to Singapore market. There is also a threat from the soft drink like Coca-Cola and Pepsi which are a substitute for Heineken products. Incoterms Selection Consideration After the products of Heineken have been manufactured, they need a transport option on how the goods will reach the market. For the company transport strategy to be effective in chain management, they need not only to play one carrier against the other but to set good transport strategies. For the transport to be more effective, the company do not need to reduce the charge rate of delivering goods to their retailers, but they need to react to the dynamics of the business, its suppliers, operation, and clients (Carr and Stone, 2013). This strategy should be organized for the goods supplied within the nation and those being exported abroad. Heineken Asian Pacific has developed strategies to ensure that all their services are delivered to their retailers and their foreign branches. They have a large truck of Lorries which enable them to deliver their products all over Singapore, and their procurement department is well organized to ensure the quality of the service is achieved. As the company operates across Asia and other products in another part of the world, they ensure that the products requested from other parts of the world are shipped the following business day after the order is placed (Cavusgil, et al, 2014). However, for the transportation to be more efficient, the business should practice the following recommendations: Quick Services The company must ensure that their products are delivered faster so that good customer relation is maintained. Heineken will make their operations fast and accurate Employee Welfare The company will treat their employee carefully so that the system is continuous. Such that no more expenses is spent in recruiting and orientation but the same employee are used making the process first. Maintaining the employees will also increase the morale. SWOT Analysis The company should do the SWOT analysis to identify their strength, weaknesses, opportunity, and strength. They should capitalize on strength and opportunities. They should work on their weaknesses and also to avoid the threats. This will make the company relevant and competitive in the market. Customer Requirements The supply chain entails the movement of product from the producer to retailer to the customer. Therefore, Heineken Asian Pacific must implement policies that will meet the need of the customer. Customers value time and efficiency of the company hence the aspect of transportation is very vital for Heineken Asian Pacific (Rushton, et al, 2014). Shipment must move Timely Customer demand for their delivery to be shipped as per their preference. They need the product on the specified date, by the carrier of their choice, in proper shipping package method and full, both shipped delivered in good order and complete. When Heineken Asian Pacific have a transportation program that can deliver all this, customers will be satisfied with the arrangement of the company, and they will have competitive advantage over its competitors (Joshi, et al, 2014). CFR-CIF: This is the cost and freight-Cost, insurance and freight incoterm As a seller, you must be aware of the shippers liability for delivering well to the terminus. These incoterms are risk-free and recommended though they are competitive. They allow the company to manage the cost of international shipping to the ship cost-effectively and the destination port. This enables the company to compare and to get good rates from freight forward (Setamanit and Pipatwattana, 2015). DDP-DAP This is the Incoterm for Delivery Duty Paid-Delivered at Place Here the good are delivered to the warehouse of the customer or the nation of destination. The company is responsible for the good and everything that happens to the good before it is delivered to the warehouse. Therefore, they should be aware and able to manage possible complexities of the task. The delivery company can deliver to the company with poor road network or prone to the terror attack. The country can also have many restrictions causing the delay in delivery of goods. Carrier Selection Criteria The transport selection goal of the company is to: Maximize its survive To operate in the lowest transit cost possible The transport management of Heineken Asian Pacific must address specific shipping issues and choose a mode that favors the company in terms of cost, rates, and services offered by competitors, special needs, the possibility of the item being damaged, delivery delay, loss, and instructions of the client. In choosing the mode of transport, there are four principal that guides people and the company Comparison of other available firms offering the same transport system. The transport manager must ensure that the shipment characteristics is matched with the appropriate mode of transport. Speed and reliability of the method must also be considered before shipment is done. Carrier selection of the firm is to enable the firm to review the firm with cost cutting and service improvement. Mounting selection criteria service related/traffic related / shipper related/ Formation of good selection process that will take an interest in the company cost objectives and the customer Methods of Selection There are four selection models that Heineken Asian Pacific can use to select the best transport method they include: cost trade off, judgment, systematic selection 1 and distribution, models Judgement In this method, the transport manager identifies the vital factors affecting transport mode and transport problems from the shortlist of the available alternatives so that important features of the transport can be satisfied (Krishman, et al., 2014). The limitations of this approach are: Transport is not considered as part of distribution process, but it is considered as a service The approach only concentrates on transport, and some other essential factors are ignored The method can be biased since all the alternatives may know it be considered. The decision are made on operational availability hence the costs are not important Cost Trade Off the effect of shipping is calculated following the immediate activities and total costs. The existence of trade is recognized by this method off within many other available approaches in an attempt to assess the situation to reduce total cost. In this approach distribution system can be optimized Distribution model. Distribution approach identifies and illustrates the relationship between the composition of the distribution system at given levels, and this model is logical and mathematical. Operational conditions and practice are stimulated through this approach (Setamanit and Pipatwattana, 2015). Measuring and Benchmarking Heineken Asian Pacific should know how its strategies and carriers are working. This can be done using two approaches. The first mean is measuring, comparing standards and performance. The company should check the set standard, and how it performs such that when the standards are higher than performance, then the business must pull up and when the performance is higher than the standard then the business must put more effort to maintain and come up with strategies on how to maintain that Benchmarking means learning how other companies work. Carrier Relationship management The goal of the organization is to satisfy its customers by building a good reputation and providing good services. This can be achieved by following the customers instructions and delivering in time. Heineken Asian Pacific cannot achieve these goals single handed, but they need the support of carriers. The company has engaged in with many carrier services to ship their products making it more reliable and efficient but for this to be effective and the company to use lesser cost in shipping their products, they need to engage one reliable carrier service (Setamanit and Pipatwattana, 2015). Heineken Asian Pacific should choose the mode of shipping their products. When the order is being placed, the company should have the options of how urgent is the order so that they can choose suitable mode to ferry the demand. They should put in place cargo planes to ferry urgent orders in abroad and cargo Lorries to ship the orders within the country. They should also check on their transit time to ensure that the customer is satisfied as the vision of the business. This will create good relationship when the deadline is achieved. Carrier Relationship The number of carriers trying to meet with your business makes the business to develop the strategy for shipping. Frequent shipping also promotes the approach of the business. When the business supplies many items outside the country, it will attract the attention of other carrier services which will want to work for the business. Heineken Asian Pacific should not divide the business among many carriers instead it should work with one reliable carrier service. The carrier service should not be changed all the time because it will fracture the business of the company, lavage position, and negotiations. The second v will not be able to develop carrier alliances which need the business to acquire carrier chain services. Developing supply chain available programs requires a contribution of the carrier service and that of the company. Transport creates a competitive advantage for the company; therefore, it must be responsive (Graham, 2013). Effective carrier relationship enables the carrier to advocate on behalf of the client. The two interdepend on each other hence it is important to have a healthy relationship. Without the carrier services, the business is unable to ship its product and to earn the profit, and without the company, the carrier company will have nothing to ship hence the business will be useless. Due to this the relationship between the businesses must be strong. The benefits the company can get from strong relationship are The current shippers can get discount from the company The rapport between the two will last for long, and they will aim in achieving their goals The company will be updated in case of any emerging issue hence they will be prepared The company can cost save by getting freight data and the analysis of shipment and give on time shipment report and capacity report. The rapport can be strengthened by reaching shippers even when it is not the time to negotiate freight rates (Grimm, 2015). Conclusion In conclusion, transporting products to the warehouse and the retailers from the manufacturing plant in the region, within the country and international can value to half of the company logistic costs. When the cost of international sourcing and the transportation to the customer are added, then the costs can be much higher. Therefore the company needs to use transportation management solution that gives the company the resource and visibility at a low cost. This is done whether the carriers are managed, a dedicated fleet is created, and reliability and control over the movement of the product to the customer are needed the company must ensure that they use effective transport system that will enable the goods to reach their destinations. This can be chosen by analyzing the type of good to be shipped and how agent the goods are (Taveekitikun, 2008). It is also recommended that before the DDP-DAP incoterm is used the carrier company must know the topography of the area and the road network system. Also, the relationship between the supplier and the cargo company must be maintained so that the services provided might be easy and first. It is advisable that the supplier engages few companies which can provide them with better services rather than be gaining many corporations and not creating a good rapport (Johnson, 2015). References Carr, I., Stone, P. (2013). International trade law. Routledge. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014). International business. Pearson Australia. Choudhary, D., Shankar, R. (2013). Joint decision of procurement lot-size, supplier selection, and carrier selection. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 19(1), 16-26. Graham, A. (2013). Understanding the low cost carrier and airport relationship: A critical analysis of the salient issues. Tourism Management, 36, 66-76. Grimm, C. M. (2015). Low Cost Carriers: Emergence, Expansion and Evolution. In Journal of the Transportation Research Forum (Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 117-118). Transportation Research Forum. Johnson, E. (2015). Setting the benchmark: successful transportation benchmarking depends on proper alignment with a company's strategic goals. American shipper (Jacksonville, Fla.: 1991). Joshi, R., Choi, H., Pardo-Castellote, G., Thiebaut, S. S. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,671,135. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Krishnan, V. I. J. A. Y. K. U. M. A. R., Groza, M. D., Groza, M. P., Fredricks, E. (2014). Linking Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Process to Sales Performance. The role of CRM Technology Effectiveness. Marketing Management Journal, 24(2), 162-171. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2014). The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Setamanit, S. O., Pipatwattana, A. (2015). Criteria for ocean freight carrier selection: A perspective of Japanese automotive company in Thailand. ASBBS E-Journal, 11(1), 89. Taveekitikun, T. (2008). Heineken in Asia Pacific. (Journal of Management Sciences), 25(1), 41-46.